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Embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of an early stage embryo known as a blastocyst.The embryos from which human embryonic stem cells are derived are typically four or five days old and are a hollow microscopic ball of cells called the blastocyst. The blastocyst includes three structures: the trophoblast, which is the layer of cells that surrounds the blastocoel, a hollow cavity inside the blastocyst; and the inner cell mass, which is a group of cells at one end of the blastocoel that develop into the embryo proper.in order to determine the presence of transcription factors that are typically produced by undifferentiated cells different techniqiues were used. Two of the most important transcription factors are Nanog and Oct4.Human Embryonic stem cells can differentiated into cardiomyocytes.

Hematopoietic stem cell

The stem cells that form blood and immune cells are known as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell isolated from the blood or bone marrow that can renew itself, can differentiate to a variety of specialized cells, can mobilize out of the bone marrow into circulating blood Their Transplantation are now routinely used to treat patients with cancers and other disorders of the blood and immune systems. They are ultimately responsible for the constant renewal of blood…HSCs have an identity problem. First, the ones with long-term replicating ability are rare. Second, there are multiple types of stem cells. And, third, the stem cells look like many other blood or bone marrow cells.Markers of hemaopoietic are CD34^low/-, SCA-1^+, Thy1^+/lo CD38⁺ C-kit⁺ lin^-*.cultures of HSCs that could maintain their characteristic properties of self-renewal and lack of differentiation could provide an unlimited source of cells for therapeutic transplantation and study. HSCs may home to damaged skeletal and cardiac muscle or liver and regenerate those tissues

Cardiomyocytes

Endothelial progenitor cells

Blood vessel development is a regulated process involving the proliferation, migration, and remodeling of endothelial cells (ECs) from adjacent pre-existing blood vessels (angiogenesis) or following differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) .EPCs were originally thought to be present only during embryonic development. However evidence accumulated in the past several years suggests that they can persist into adult life. This has generated interest in the use of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic or injured tissue.
EPCs from bone marrow (BM) or Peripheral bloods (PB) have been hampered by the absence of markers to phenotypically distinguish these cells from mature vascular wall-derived ECs and from subsets of hematopoietic cells. Many of the markers associated with EPCs, including LDL uptake, lectin binding, and CD31/105/144 expression.Although the precise pathway for an immature EPC to differentiate to a mature EC is undefined, the loss of CD133 expression is currently thought to represent a good marker to distinguish between an endothelial progenitor and a mature endothelial cell. Some of the cells that express the antigens CD133, VEGFR2 and/or CD34 can differentiate into cells of the endothelial lineage in vitro, and can contribute to neovascularization in animal model of ischemia so they are thought to play a very important role in tissue regeneration process.

Mesenchymal Sterm Cells pic on phase

Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: the ability to differentiate into other cells and the ability to self-regenerate. Self-regeneration is the ability of stem cells to divide and produce more stem cells2.A totipotent stem cell can develop into all cell types. A pleuripotent stem cell can develop into cells from all three germinal layers. Multipotent Stem Cells can be divided into many cells types. Unipotent stem cells can develop into one type of cell type.
Stem cells have three main properties.
Plasticity is a newly recognized ability of stem cells to expand their potential beyond the tissue from which they are derived.
Transdifferentiation is the direct conversion of one cell type to another,
cell fusion: ES cells can fuse in vitro with neuronal cells and with hematopoietic stem cells and the nucleus was reprogrammed instead of transdifferentiating.
Stem cells use in different ways including
1) Functional Genomic studies
2) Cell-based therapy
3) Study of biological processes
4) Drug discovery and development

Cardiac progenitor cells

Adult cardiomyocytes have a limited potential to divide. After myocardial infarction, injured cardiomyocytes are replaced by fibrotic tissue promoting the development of heart failure. Stem cells may be an important and powerful cellular source. Despite stem cells therapy tissue-specific progenitor cells contribute to local cellular regeneration and maintain organ function. .Cardiac progenitor cells are rare, and specialized stem cells located in the newborn heart of rats, mice and humans. These cells are capable of differentiation into fully mature heart tissue however a thorough understanding of how these cells function, how they might be expanded in culture and their true potential as a source for cell transplantation remains to be elucidated.

Isolation of MSCs From Bone Marrow

Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow of rat/mice.
Take femur and tibia and flush them with medium.
Incubated cells at 37 degree with 5 % carbon dioxide.
when MSCs attach to plastic surface change medium.(this medium contain hematopoietic cells as they are non adherent so they remains in the medium).
After every 3 days medium will be change.
when cells become confluent subculture them and use for further experiments.

Mesenchymal stem cells

Heart attacks and congestive heart failure remain the prominent health challenges despite many breakthroughs in cardiovascular medicine. In fact, despite successful approaches to prevent or limit cardiovascular disease, the restoration of function to the damaged heart remains a formidable challenge. Recent research is providing early evidence that adult and embryonic stem cells may be able to replace damaged heart muscle cells and establish new blood vessels to supply them.
Bone marrow have two types of cells Heamatopoietic and adult stem cells.Adult stem cells also known as Mesenchymal stem cells.They have ability to repair damage myocardium.They can differentiated into different types of cells like adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, cradiomyocytes etc.