stem image

stem image

Embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of an early stage embryo known as a blastocyst.The embryos from which human embryonic stem cells are derived are typically four or five days old and are a hollow microscopic ball of cells called the blastocyst. The blastocyst includes three structures: the trophoblast, which is the layer of cells that surrounds the blastocoel, a hollow cavity inside the blastocyst; and the inner cell mass, which is a group of cells at one end of the blastocoel that develop into the embryo proper.in order to determine the presence of transcription factors that are typically produced by undifferentiated cells different techniqiues were used. Two of the most important transcription factors are Nanog and Oct4.Human Embryonic stem cells can differentiated into cardiomyocytes.

Hematopoietic stem cell

The stem cells that form blood and immune cells are known as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell isolated from the blood or bone marrow that can renew itself, can differentiate to a variety of specialized cells, can mobilize out of the bone marrow into circulating blood Their Transplantation are now routinely used to treat patients with cancers and other disorders of the blood and immune systems. They are ultimately responsible for the constant renewal of blood…HSCs have an identity problem. First, the ones with long-term replicating ability are rare. Second, there are multiple types of stem cells. And, third, the stem cells look like many other blood or bone marrow cells.Markers of hemaopoietic are CD34^low/-, SCA-1^+, Thy1^+/lo CD38⁺ C-kit⁺ lin^-*.cultures of HSCs that could maintain their characteristic properties of self-renewal and lack of differentiation could provide an unlimited source of cells for therapeutic transplantation and study. HSCs may home to damaged skeletal and cardiac muscle or liver and regenerate those tissues

Cardiomyocytes

Endothelial progenitor cells

Blood vessel development is a regulated process involving the proliferation, migration, and remodeling of endothelial cells (ECs) from adjacent pre-existing blood vessels (angiogenesis) or following differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) .EPCs were originally thought to be present only during embryonic development. However evidence accumulated in the past several years suggests that they can persist into adult life. This has generated interest in the use of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic or injured tissue.
EPCs from bone marrow (BM) or Peripheral bloods (PB) have been hampered by the absence of markers to phenotypically distinguish these cells from mature vascular wall-derived ECs and from subsets of hematopoietic cells. Many of the markers associated with EPCs, including LDL uptake, lectin binding, and CD31/105/144 expression.Although the precise pathway for an immature EPC to differentiate to a mature EC is undefined, the loss of CD133 expression is currently thought to represent a good marker to distinguish between an endothelial progenitor and a mature endothelial cell. Some of the cells that express the antigens CD133, VEGFR2 and/or CD34 can differentiate into cells of the endothelial lineage in vitro, and can contribute to neovascularization in animal model of ischemia so they are thought to play a very important role in tissue regeneration process.

Mesenchymal Sterm Cells pic on phase